Article
A cross is a four-way fitting with one inlet and three outlets, or any combination of flows through four ends at right angles. It is less common than a tee, but in the right place it saves space and welds.
Equal and reducing crosses
- Equal cross – all four ends are the same size, for example 4" × 4" × 4" × 4".
- Reducing cross – the two branch ends are smaller than the run, for example 6" × 6" × 4" × 4".
As with tees, the run sizes are written first and the branch sizes after.
Where crosses are used
- Fire water rings and sprinkler mains
- Compact manifolds and skids where space is tight
- Cleaning and flushing connections
- Structural handrail and frame work in non-pressure use
Cross or two tees?
| Point | One cross | Two tees |
|---|---|---|
| Space | Most compact | Longer assembly |
| Number of welds | Four | Five or more |
| Stress at the centre | Higher, four openings meet | Lower, loads are spread |
| Availability | Less stock, longer lead time | Widely stocked |
In high-pressure, high-temperature or cyclic service, many piping specifications prefer two tees because the stress at the centre of a cross is higher. In utility and fire water systems, the cross is a practical choice.
Manufacturing
Seamless crosses are hot formed from pipe; welded crosses are formed from welded pipe or plate. Large and reducing crosses are often made to order, so lead time should be confirmed at enquiry stage.
A complete cross description
Reducing Cross 6" × 6" × 4" × 4", SCH 40S, ASTM A403 WP304L-W, ASME B16.9, bevelled ends – 6 nos
Frequently asked questions
What is a reducing cross?
A cross in which the two branch ends are smaller than the two run ends, for example 6" × 6" × 4" × 4".
Why do some specifications avoid crosses?
Four openings meeting at one point concentrate stress, so in severe or cyclic service two tees are often preferred.
Are crosses covered by ASME B16.9?
Yes. Equal and reducing crosses are included in ASME B16.9 with their centre-to-end dimensions.
Key takeaways
- A cross is a compact four-way fitting.
- Popular in fire water and utility service; less so in severe cyclic service.
- Write run sizes first, then branch sizes, and confirm lead time.
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